A Forrester Total Economic Impact™ Study Commissioned By Nasdaq, April 2025
Many organizations must comply with worldwide sustainability regulations and reporting requirements; yet most still use manual, error-prone reporting processes that burden their sustainability teams. Organizations seek technology to automate and centralize reporting workflows, drive business operations decisions, build stakeholder trust, and attract environmental, social, and governance (ESG)-focused investors and capital.1
Nasdaq Metrio provides enterprises with a software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform to collect, measure, disclose, and communicate their investor-grade, audited ESG data. Through automated data collection workflows, KPI-tracking dashboards, and external reporting capabilities, Nasdaq Metrio allows sustainability teams to drive efficiency, attract investors, and engage stakeholders while reducing enterprise risk. Nasdaq’s innovative technology combined with in-house sustainability expertise provides full-service support to organizations navigating global compliance requirements.
Nasdaq commissioned Forrester Consulting to conduct a Total Economic Impact™ (TEI) study and examine the potential return on investment (ROI) enterprises may realize by deploying Nasdaq Metrio.2 The purpose of this study is to provide readers with a framework to evaluate the potential financial impact of Nasdaq Metrio on their organizations.
To better understand the benefits, costs, and risks associated with this investment, Forrester interviewed four decision-makers with experience using Nasdaq Metrio. For the purposes of this study, Forrester aggregated the interviewees’ experiences and combined the results into a single composite organization that is a global, multibillion-dollar manufacturing organization with operations in North America and the European Union. The publicly traded composite organization has 3,000 employees, five of whom are on the sustainability team.
Prior to investing in Nasdaq Metrio, interviewees explained that their organization’s sustainability teams spent time chasing internal stakeholders for necessary reporting data. Without a centralized system for the data, the sustainability teams then sorted through redundant, incomplete, and untrustworthy data, and spent extra time preparing it in a simple way so executives could set performance-based objectives. This process created extra reviews during the audit and assurance process, resulting in longer timelines for annual report creation and third-party disclosures. Ultimately, it distracted teams from focusing on strategic activities such as addressing investor needs or strategizing sustainability goals.
Interviewees explained how use of Nasdaq Metrio within their organizations scaled as their sustainability management program needs evolved. Organizations gained efficiencies across their ESG journey, from data collection and calculations to third-party data disclosure and reporting to internal and external stakeholder communication. Interviewees explained how key relationships across departments within their organization improved with access to a centralized system of data and how leadership gained a clear view of key performance data for decision-making.
Quantified benefits. Three-year, risk-adjusted present value (PV) quantified benefits for the composite organization include:
Unquantified benefits. Benefits that provide value for the composite organization but are not quantified for this study include:
Costs. Three-year, risk-adjusted PV costs for the composite organization include:
The representative interviews and financial analysis found that a composite organization experiences benefits of $497,000 over three years versus costs of $248,000, adding up to a net present value (NPV) of $248,000 and an ROI of 101%.
Return on investment (ROI)
Benefits PV
Net present value (NPV)
Payback
From the information provided in the interviews, Forrester constructed a Total Economic Impact™ framework for those organizations considering an investment in Nasdaq Metrio.
The objective of the framework is to identify the cost, benefit, flexibility, and risk factors that affect the investment decision. Forrester took a multistep approach to evaluate the impact that Nasdaq Metrio can have on an organization.
Interviewed Nasdaq stakeholders and Forrester analysts to gather data relative to Nasdaq Metrio.
Interviewed four people at organizations using Nasdaq Metrio to obtain data about costs, benefits, and risks.
Designed a composite organization based on characteristics of the interviewees’ organizations.
Constructed a financial model representative of the interviews using the TEI methodology and risk-adjusted the financial model based on issues and concerns of the interviewees.
Employed four fundamental elements of TEI in modeling the investment impact: benefits, costs, flexibility, and risks. Given the increasing sophistication of ROI analyses related to IT investments, Forrester’s TEI methodology provides a complete picture of the total economic impact of purchase decisions. Please see Appendix A for additional information on the TEI methodology.
Readers should be aware of the following:
This study is commissioned by Nasdaq and delivered by Forrester Consulting. It is not meant to be used as a competitive analysis.
Forrester makes no assumptions as to the potential ROI that other organizations will receive. Forrester strongly advises that readers use their own estimates within the framework provided in the study to determine the appropriateness of an investment in Nasdaq Metrio.
Nasdaq reviewed and provided feedback to Forrester, but Forrester maintains editorial control over the study and its findings and does not accept changes to the study that contradict Forrester’s findings or obscure the meaning of the study.
Nasdaq provided the customer names for the interviews but did not participate in the interviews.
Consulting Team:
Sarah Lervold
Maria Kulikova
Role | Industry | Region | OperationsAndEmployees | Nasdaq Metrio Capabilities Deployed | Time Since Initial Deployment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Director of sustainability and shared services | Utilities | $557 million | United States 515 |
FDM SDM Sustainable Lens |
4 years |
Sustainability reporting lead | Chemical manufacturing | $8.2 billion | Global 24,000 |
SDM | 3 years |
Corporate director, energy efficiency | Manufacturing | $1.8 billion | North America 6,000 |
SDM | 7 years |
Manager, environmental health and safety | Manufacturing | $1.1 billion | Global 5,000 |
SDM | 3 years |
Prior to the investment in Nasdaq Metrio, most interviewees’ organizations relied on manual processes and record-keeping systems to collect, measure, and disclose their sustainability data. One of the interviewees’ organizations invested in a prior sustainability management software solution but explained that it offered limited functionality and customization as their organization’s ESG needs scaled. Each of the interviewees’ organizations was at a different maturity stage in their sustainability journey. Some focused primarily on preparing their annual sustainability report, while others disclosed data to multiple third-party frameworks to meet investor and business needs. These third-party frameworks included the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), CEO Water Mandate, Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), Edison Electric Institute, American Gas Association, and the EU’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD).
The interviewees noted how their organizations struggled with common challenges, including:
The interviewees’ organizations searched for a solution that could:
After a request for proposal and business case process evaluating multiple vendors, the interviewees’ organization chose Nasdaq Metrio and began deployment. Interviewees mentioned four key reasons for choosing Nadsaq Metrio: the ability to customize and track robust calculations, access to technology that supports current and potential future frameworks, ease of use for all platform users (including subject matter experts, reviewers, approvers, and auditors), and the ability to launch an interactive microsite to share qualitative and quantitative ESG data.
Based on the interviews, Forrester constructed a TEI framework, a composite company, and an ROI analysis that illustrates the areas financially affected. The composite organization is representative of the interviewees’ organizations, and it is used to present the aggregate financial analysis in the next section. The composite organization has the following characteristics:
Description of composite. The global, multibillion-dollar manufacturing organization has operations in North America and the European Union. The publicly traded composite organization has 3,000 employees and five employees on the sustainability team.
Deployment characteristics. The composite deploys the SDM and FDM capabilities during initial implementation. It also uses the free version of Sustainable Lens3, Nasdaq’s tool for AI-driven sustainability research and benchmarking.[i] Two of the sustainability team members are power users of Nasdaq Metrio.The composite organization has completed its materiality assessment prior to investing in Nasdaq Metrio to identify sustainability risks and engage stakeholders in the effort.
Ref. | Benefit | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Total | Present Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atr | Automated data collection and measurement | $32,490 | $32,490 | $32,490 | $97,470 | $80,798 |
Btr | Automated calculation and analysis | $16,929 | $16,929 | $16,929 | $50,787 | $42,100 |
Ctr | Accelerated data disclosures and reporting | $89,661 | $89,661 | $89,661 | $268,983 | $222,974 |
Dtr | Enhanced audit and assurance reviews | $9,097 | $9,097 | $9,097 | $27,292 | $22,623 |
Etr | Improved stakeholder communication | $51,492 | $51,492 | $51,492 | $154,477 | $128,054 |
Total benefits (risk-adjusted) | $199,670 | $199,670 | $199,670 | $599,009 | $496,549 |
Evidence and data. Forrester research states: “Many organizations begin their sustainability journey by setting a baseline and gathering data manually in Excel files. However, you must address sustainability management with as much rigor as financial accounting due to the complexity of data and data sources as well as regulations.”4
Interviewees described data collection as the first step in their organization’s process of preparing an annual sustainability report and third-party disclosures. This step involved interacting with various stakeholders across the organization who owned sets of data, often via email and manual spreadsheets. With Nasdaq Metrio, the organizations unified and automated their data collection processes by using the platform’s prebuilt templates and reference library features. The ability to set role-based permissions within the platform also led to less confusion about data input responsibilities.
Modeling and assumptions. For the financial analysis as applied to the composite organization, Forrester assumes:
Risks. The cost of this benefit may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. To account for these risks, Forrester adjusted this benefit downward by 5%, yielding a three-year, risk-adjusted total PV (discounted at 10%) of $81,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Data collectors | Composite | 75 | 75 | 75 | |
A2 | Average annual hours dedicated to data entry per collector in prior environment | Interviews | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
A3 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 60% | 60% | 60% | |
A4 | Fully burdened hourly rate for a data collector | Composite | $38 | $38 | $38 | |
A5 | Productivity recapture | TEI methodology | 50% | 50% | 50% | |
At | Automated data collection and measurement | A1*A2*A3*A4*A5 | $34,200 | $34,200 | $34,200 | |
Risk adjustment | ↓5% | |||||
Atr | Automated data collection and measurement (risk-adjusted) | $32,490 | $32,490 | $32,490 | ||
Three-year total: $97,470 | Three-year present value: $80,798 |
Evidence and data. During the initial configuration, interviewees explained that their organizations populated the Nasdaq Metrio platform with custom formulas, which automated the calculation and analysis process for GHG and water measurements. Previously, their sustainability teams used spreadsheets to manually calculate this data each year.
Modeling and assumptions. For the financial analysis as applied to the composite organization, Forrester assumes:
Risks. The cost of this benefit may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. To account for these risks, Forrester adjusted this benefit downward by 5%, yielding a three-year, risk-adjusted total PV (discounted at 10%) of $42,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | Team members involved in data calculations | Composite | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
B2 | Annual hours dedicated to data calculations per team member in prior environment | Composite | 80 | 80 | 80 | |
B3 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Composite | 90% | 90% | 90% | |
B4 | Fully burdened hourly rate for a sustainability team member | Composite | $55 | $55 | $55 | |
B5 | Productivity recapture | Composite | 75% | 75% | 75% | |
Bt | Automated calculation and analysis | B1*B2*B3*B4*B5 | $17,820 | $17,820 | $17,820 | |
Risk adjustment | ↓5% | |||||
Btr | Automated calculation and analysis (risk-adjusted) | $16,929 | $16,929 | $16,929 | ||
Three-year total: $50,787 | Three-year present value: $42,100 |
Evidence and data. Once interviewees’ organizations completed the data collection and calculation process, sustainability teams could create their annual report and disclose against all mandatory and voluntary third-party frameworks. With Nasdaq Metrio, interviewees explained that their organizations could autopopulate data across multiple disclosures, accelerate data table creation and the design process, and more easily update the reports in real time. Organizations configured users’ visual settings within the platform to allow them to focus on the disclosure with the upcoming deadline. One interviewee also explained how Sustainable Lens’s gap-analysis feature allowed their organization to more effectively understand the data to disclose.
Modeling and assumptions. For the financial analysis as applied to the composite organization, Forrester assumes:
Risks. The cost of this benefit may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. To account for these risks, Forrester adjusted this benefit downward by 5%, yielding a three-year, risk-adjusted total PV (discounted at 10%) of $223,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Sustainability team members involved in annual report and disclosures preparation | Composite | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
C2 | Annual hours dedicated to creating annual sustainability report in prior environment | Interviews | 1,040 | 1,040 | 1,040 | |
C3 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 50% | 50% | 50% | |
C4 | Fully burdened hourly rate for a sustainability team member | Composite | $55 | $55 | $55 | |
C5 | Subtotal: Annual sustainability report efficiencies | C1*C2*C3*C4 | $57,200 | $57,200 | $57,200 | |
C6 | Disclosures prepared | Interviews | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
C7 | Average annual hours dedicated to preparing each disclosure in prior environment | Interviews | 520 | 520 | 520 | |
C8 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 30% | 30% | 30% | |
C9 | Subtotal: Disclosure preparation efficiencies | C1*C4*C6*C7*C8 | $68,640 | $68,640 | $68,640 | |
C10 | Productivity recapture | TEI methodology | 75% | 75% | 75% | |
Ct | Accelerated data disclosures and reporting | (C5+C9) *C10 | $94,380 | $94,380 | $94,380 | |
Risk adjustment | ↓5% | |||||
Ctr | Accelerated data disclosures and reporting (risk-adjusted) | $89,661 | $89,661 | $89,661 | ||
Three-year total: $268,983 | Three-year present value: $222,974 |
Evidence and data. Beyond the data collectors and sustainability team, interviewees explained that their organizations’ audit teams also gained workflow efficiencies by accessing Nasdaq Metrio. Auditors gained direct access to a unified view of the data and could perform simultaneous reviews rather than waiting for colleagues to finish their work. The robust audit-tracking log and reference library with backup documentation also streamlined their workflows.
Modeling and assumptions. For the financial analysis as applied to the composite organization, Forrester assumes:
Risks. The cost of this benefit may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. To account for these risks, Forrester adjusted this benefit downward by 5%, yielding a three-year, risk-adjusted total PV (discounted at 10%) of $23,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | Audit team members involved in annual report and disclosures assurance | Composite | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
D2 | Annual hours dedicated to sustainability reporting audit work in prior environment | Interviews | 160 | 160 | 160 | |
D3 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 70% | 70% | 70% | |
D4 | Fully burdened hourly rate for an auditor | Composite | $38 | $38 | $38 | |
D5 | Productivity recapture | TEI methodology | 75% | 75% | 75% | |
Dt | Enhanced audit and assurance reviews | D1*D2*D3*D4*D5 | $9,576 | $9,576 | $9,576 | |
Risk adjustment | ↓5% | |||||
Dtr | Enhanced audit and assurance reviews (risk-adjusted) | $9,097 | $9,097 | $9,097 | ||
Three-year total: $27,292 | Three-year present value: $22,623 |
Evidence and data. Forrester research states: “Strong data management and dashboard capabilities help organizations avoid making public statements that put them under the scrutiny of watchdog and government regulations on greenwashing.”5
Interviewees explained multiple ways in which their organizations communicated their collected and measured sustainability data: internally to management, externally to investors, and during executive-level meetings. With access to real-time data, simple and easy-to-interpret dashboards, and improved comprehensiveness of annual reports, sustainability teams saved time during document preparation and when answering investor requests.
Modeling and assumptions. For the financial analysis as applied to the composite organization, Forrester assumes:
Risks. The cost of this benefit may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. To account for these risks, Forrester adjusted this benefit downward by 5%, yielding a three-year, risk-adjusted total PV (discounted at 10%) of $128,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | Sustainability team members involved in internal communications | Composite | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
E2 | Annual hours dedicated to internal monthly performance updates in prior environment | Interviews | 480 | 480 | 480 | |
E3 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 80% | 80% | 80% | |
E4 | Subtotal: Internal communication efficiencies | E1*E2*E3*E11 | $42,240 | $42,240 | $42,240 | |
E5 | Annual hours dedicated to answering investor communications in prior environment | Interviews | 270 | 270 | 270 | |
E6 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 90% | 90% | 90% | |
E7 | Subtotal: Investor communication efficiencies | E1*E5*E6*E11 | $26,730 | $26,730 | $26,730 | |
E8 | Annual hours dedicated to preparing sustainability reports for executive and investor meetings in prior environment | Interviews | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
E9 | Efficiencies with Nasdaq Metrio | Interviews | 75% | 75% | 75% | |
E10 | Subtotal: Executive meeting preparation efficiencies | E1*E8*E9*E11 | $3,300 | $3,300 | $3,300 | |
E11 | Fully burdened hourly rate for sustainability team members | Composite | $55 | $55 | $55 | |
E12 | Productivity recapture | TEI methodology | 75% | 75% | 75% | |
Et | Improved stakeholder communication | (E4+E7+E10)*E12 | $54,203 | $54,203 | $54,203 | |
Risk adjustment | ↓5% | |||||
Etr | Improved stakeholder communication (risk-adjusted) | $51,492 | $51,492 | $51,492 | ||
Three-year total: $154,477 | Three-year present value: $128,054 |
Interviewees mentioned the following additional benefits that their organizations experienced but were not able to quantify:
The value of flexibility is unique to each customer. There are multiple scenarios in which a customer might implement Nasdaq Metrio and later realize additional uses and business opportunities, including:
Flexibility would also be quantified when evaluated as part of a specific project (described in more detail in Appendix A).
Ref. | Cost | Initial | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Total | Present Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ftr | Nasdaq fees | $0 | $65,000 | $65,000 | $65,000 | $195,000 | $161,645 |
Gtr | Implementation and ongoing management | $71,048 | $6,006 | $6,006 | $6,006 | $89,066 | $85,984 |
Total costs (risk-adjusted) | $71,048 | $71,006 | $71,006 | $71,006 | $284,066 | $247,629 |
Evidence and data. The interviewees paid Nasdaq an annual fee for access to the Nasdaq Metrio platform. This fee varied depending on which modules they deployed.
Modeling and assumptions. Based on the interviews, Forrester assumes the following about the composite organization:
Risks. This cost may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. Forrester assumes a 0% risk adjustment for this cost, yielding a three-year total PV (discounted at 10%) of $162,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Initial | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | Nasdaq Metrio fees | Nasdaq | $65,000 | $65,000 | $65,000 | ||
Ft | Nasdaq fees | F1 | $0 | $65,000 | $65,000 | $65,000 | |
Risk adjustment | 0% | ||||||
Ftr | Nasdaq fees | $0 | $65,000 | $65,000 | $65,000 | ||
Three-year total: $195,000 | Three-year present value: $161,645 |
Evidence and data. Interviewees commented that implementation for Nasdaq Metrio involved their organizations’ sustainability teams, IT colleagues, and data owners. This phase included a series of training sessions, discussions around KPIs and data to include in the platform, emissions calculations, and user configurations (owner, approver, reviewer, auditor). SDM involved more customization than FDM and therefore took longer to launch.
Modeling and assumptions. For the financial analysis as applied to the composite organization, Forrester assumes:
Risks. This cost may vary among organizations depending on:
Results. To account for these risks, Forrester adjusted this cost upward by 5%, yielding a three-year, risk-adjusted total PV (discounted at 10%) of $86,000.
Ref. | Metric | Source | Initial | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | Nasdaq Metrio implementation fee | Nasdaq | $15,000 | ||||
G2 | Sustainability team members | Composite | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
G3 | IT team members | Composite | 1 | ||||
G4 | Months dedicated to implementation for SDM | Interviews | 6 | ||||
G5 | Months dedicated to implementation for FDM | Interviews | 2 | ||||
G6 | Average percentage of time for sustainability team | Composite | 30% | ||||
G7 | Average percentage of time for IT team | Composite | 10% | ||||
G8 | Fully burdened monthly salary for a sustainability team member | Composite | $9,583 | ||||
G9 | Fully burdened monthly salary for an IT team member | Composite | $8,333 | ||||
G10 | Subtotal: Implementation | G1+(G2*(G4+G5)*G6*G8))+(G3*(G4+G5) *G7*G9)) | $67,665 | ||||
G11 | Hours dedicated to ongoing platform management | Interviews | 52 | 52 | 52 | ||
G12 | Fully burdened hourly rate for a sustainability team member | Composite | $55 | $55 | $55 | ||
G13 | Subtotal: Ongoing management | G2*G11*G12 | $5,720 | $5,720 | $5,720 | ||
Gt | Implementation and ongoing management | G10+G13 | $67,665 | $5,720 | $5,720 | $5,720 | |
Risk adjustment | ↑5% | ||||||
Gtr | Implementation and ongoing management (risk-adjusted) | $71,048 | $6,006 | $6,006 | $6,006 | ||
Three-year total: $89,066 | Three-year present value: $85,984 |
The financial results calculated in the Benefits and Costs sections can be used to determine the ROI, NPV, and payback period for the composite organization’s investment. Forrester assumes a yearly discount rate of 10% for this analysis.
These risk-adjusted ROI, NPV, and payback period values are determined by applying risk-adjustment factors to the unadjusted results in each Benefit and Cost section.
Initial | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Total | Present Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total costs | ($71,048) | ($71,006) | ($71,006) | ($71,006) | ($284,066) | ($247,629) |
Total benefits | $0 | $199,670 | $199,670 | $199,670 | $599,009 | $496,549 |
Net benefits | ($71,048) | $128,664 | $128,664 | $128,664 | $314,943 | $248,920 |
ROI | ||||||
Payback |
Total Economic Impact is a methodology developed by Forrester Research that enhances a company’s technology decision-making processes and assists solution providers in communicating their value proposition to clients. The TEI methodology helps companies demonstrate, justify, and realize the tangible value of business and technology initiatives to both senior management and other key stakeholders.
Benefits represent the value the solution delivers to the business. The TEI methodology places equal weight on the measure of benefits and costs, allowing for a full examination of the solution’s effect on the entire organization.
Costs comprise all expenses necessary to deliver the proposed value, or benefits, of the solution. The methodology captures implementation and ongoing costs associated with the solution.
Flexibility represents the strategic value that can be obtained for some future additional investment building on top of the initial investment already made. The ability to capture that benefit has a PV that can be estimated.
Risks measure the uncertainty of benefit and cost estimates given: 1) the likelihood that estimates will meet original projections and 2) the likelihood that estimates will be tracked over time. TEI risk factors are based on “triangular distribution.”
The initial investment column contains costs incurred at “time 0” or at the beginning of Year 1 that are not discounted. All other cash flows are discounted using the discount rate at the end of the year. PV calculations are calculated for each total cost and benefit estimate. NPV calculations in the summary tables are the sum of the initial investment and the discounted cash flows in each year. Sums and present value calculations of the Total Benefits, Total Costs, and Cash Flow tables may not exactly add up, as some rounding may occur.
Related Forrester Research
The State of Environmental Sustainability Business Priorities, 2025, Forrester Research, Inc., February 3, 2025.
1 Source: The State of Sustainability Management Software, 2024, Forrester Research Inc., February 20, 2025.
2 Total Economic Impact is a methodology developed by Forrester Research that enhances a company’s technology decision-making processes and assists solution providers in communicating their value proposition to clients. The TEI methodology helps companies demonstrate, justify, and realize the tangible value of business and technology initiatives to both senior management and other key stakeholders.
3 Learn more about this product here: www.nasdaq.com/solutions/sustainability/sustainable-lens.
4 Source: Buyer’s Guide: Sustainability Management Software, 2024, Forrester Research Inc., July 15, 2024.
5 Source: The State of Sustainability Management Software, 2024, Forrester Research Inc., February 20, 2025.
6 Source: Predictions 2025: Environmental Sustainability, Forrester Research Inc., October 24, 2024.
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